6) using the handsaw, split the vertebrae down the middle, dividing the carcass in long halves;

7) quarter the carcass by sawing the long halves through the thoracic region.

At the end of this process the yield is four carcass quarters (two forequarters and two hindquarters), four limbs with meat attached, a neck, and a head.
Waste at this point has been confined to the lower limb elements and the carcass has been reduced to a manageable size.

Different animals are handled slightly differently. The lower extremities of smaller animals such as goats or deer do not contain much meat and are
likely to be discarded from the proximal tibia down. Pigs, on the other hand contain meat and fatty tissue into their hooves, making this a potential
source of meat and less likely to be discarded.

Butchered elements from Phase I and II were compared with the general butchering model presented above. Generally, the animals at 41BX6 were
apparently processed in a similar but not identical manner. Vertebrae were the commonly marked bones in every unit except E and C. This would be
expected if the vertebrae had been split with the carcass but this was not the case. Most of the vertebrae had been saw-cut diagonally through the
centrum or hacked and broken at the dorsal spine (on the thoracic vertebrae) and transverse processes where the ribs articulate.

Ribs were usually the next most numerously marked element followed by long bones. Many of the ribs had been sawed 5-8 cm below the articular
processes whereas others exhibited pronounced cut marks and hack marks near or on the articular processes. Rib fragments were often sawn and cut
into small segments without the articular process. Of the identifiable long bone fragments, numerous distal humeri and proximal ulnae and radii were
identified in the collection. Likewise, the distal tibia was a commonly identified long bone. Generally, though, these elements belonged to the goats,
deer, and antelopes in the Phase I recovery. AII and EII both contain some identified Bos and large mammal long bone fragments whereas only B-3
(33-36 inches) and C-1(21-27 inches) contain these elements in Phase I.

Scapula and pelvis fragments are fairly common for most butchered mammals, particularly in Units DI and AII. These are almost always
hack-marked. The pelvic acetabulum was generally hacked directly into or removed from the rest of the innominate by hacking away the ischium and
ilium. Hack marks were also directed towards the area of the scapula about 5-8 cm above the glenoid fossa. Cut marks, saw marks, and green
fractures usually accompanied these hacked areas.

Green fractures were most common in the long bone shafts and were often accompanied by hack and saw marks. Cut and saw marks were most
common on vertebrae and ribs whereas hack marks were encountered in every group of elements. Cut marks and saw marks were the rarest on the
long bones.

The following modified butchering sequence is suggested from the data.

1) After skinning and eviscerating the animal, the head was generally sawed-off between the axis and atlas (1st and 2nd cervical) vertebrae. Three axis
from Phase I and II (representing one goat, one antelope, and one goat-size animal) were sawed suggesting such a removal. However, the only atlas
recovered (Bos) exhibited anterior cut marks consistent with knife removal, as did one goat axis. Both elements with knife marks were recovered
during Phase II.